編輯說明 一、本部為加強教育改革，提升教育品質，強化國際 文教交流與接軌，爰蒐集國內外相關教育統計資 料，彙編成「教育統計指標之國際比較」專刊， 俾供各界了解主要國家教育發展及其差異情 形，並提供本部制訂教育政策及其他單位作為研 究分析之參據。 二、本專刊內容包括在學狀況與學生、教師與學習環 境、教育成果、教育經費及附錄等；在國家別方 面，主要列舉中華民國、大陸地區、日本、南韓、 美國、加拿大、英國、法國、德國及澳洲等國。 三、本專刊內容所提學前教育、初等教育、初級中等 教育、高級中等教育、高等教育係分別相當於我 國幼兒園、國小、國中、高級中等學校、大專之 教育。 四、高等教育係屬大專以上教育(大專校院、宗教研修 學院、專科進修學校、空大及進修學院學生)，包 括研究所、大學及專科(扣除五專前三年），在本 刊中之學科類別，係依2013 年版聯合國教科文組 織之國際教育標準分類歸類。 五、由於各國之學年度與會計年度起迄時間多不相 同，在不影響比較效果下，為便利參閱，均以西 元之「曆年」表示 (請參閱附錄1、2023年OECD 計算指標所使用之會計年度與學年度，我國2023 年係指112 學年度)。 六、由於各國學制多不相同，以致統計項目無法明細 分類；且部分統計資料之定義範圍有所差異，為 便利了解其差異狀況，有關差異情形將儘量於統 計表下方註明 (請參閱附錄 2、主要國家義務教 育概況)。 七、本專刊主要資料來源計有： (一)聯合國教科文組織(UNESCO)統計資料。 (二)經濟合作暨發展組織(OECD)各國教育概觀」， https://www.oecd.org/education/education -at-a-glance/。 (三)日本文部科學省「教育指標之國際比較」。 八、本刊所載資料如有更新數字均予以修正，凡與前 期內容不同者，悉以本期數字為準。 九、符號意義： ⓡ：修正數。 ⓔ：估計數。 -：不存在或無數值。 …：數值不明或尚未產生資料。 n：其量微不足道或為零。 x(i)：數據包含於表格的其他欄項中 (例如x(2) 表示數據含於該表格同列的第2行中)。
Explanatory Notes 1. Our goal is to strengthen the education reform, increase the quality of education, and to expand in the area of international cultural and education exchange to connect with the rest of the world, we have researched and compiled a collection of related education statistics and information into the publication of the “International Comparison of Education Statistical Indicators.” In doing so, it is our hope that others will gain a better understanding of the education development and the differences in major countries around the world. In the meanwhile, as evidences and reference materials in policies making for Ministry of Education and for researches. 2. The contents in this publication include access to education and students, teachers and the learning environment, educational outcomes, financial resources invested in education, and other appendices. The major countries examined are the Republic of China, Mainland China, Japan, Republic of Korea, United States, Canada, United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Australia and others. 3. The different levels of education classified in this publication are preschool education, primary education, junior secondary education, senior secondary education, and higher education, respectively equivalent to preschool, elementary school, junior high school, senior secondary school, junior college, college, and university. 4. Higher education in this publication indicates university, college, junior college education and above (with the exception of the first three years at five-year junior colleges), leading to associate degrees at junior colleges, bachelor’s masters and Ph.D. degrees at universities. Here, the categories of higher education courses are based on the definition of ISCED-F 2013. 5. Various countries have different beginning and end for its financial year and academic year. For the convenience of comparison and reference, the Gregorian calendar year is used. (Refer to Appendix 1, the terms of fiscal year and academic year that were used in the OECD Calculation Indicator 2023. In R.O.C., 2023 means the school year 112.) 6. Due to inconsistent statistical classifications and differences in the objectives on parts of the statistical information, hence, for a better understanding of the differences, any relevant information will be explained in the footnote. (Refer to Appendix 2, compulsory education overview for major countries). 7. Source of information: (1)United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Statistics Information. (2)”Education at a Glance” by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), https://www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance/. (3)”International Comparison of Education Statistical Indicators” by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology. 8. The figures given in the issue may not agree with the corresponding figures in the previous issue due to the corrections and revisions made in exchange of base. 9. Symbols used: ⓡ：Revised ⓔ：Estimate -：None …：Data not available n：Insufficient data x( i)：Data included in Column i
目 次 壹、「教育統計指標之國際比較」提要分析 貳、統計表 表 1-1 各級教育粗在學率─按性別分……………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 表 1-2 各級教育總淨在學率─按性別分…………………………………………………………………………………….. 6 表 1-3 15-20 歲學齡人口淨在學率─按教育級別分······················································································· 9 表 1-4 國小學齡前一年組織學習參與率··········································································································· 11 表 1-5 預期受教育年數 ········································································································································ 12 表 1-6 主要國家高等教育學生占總人口比率·································································································· 13 表 1-7 中等以下學校學生就讀公私立學校結構······························································································ 14 表 1-8 高級中等教育學生人數結構─按課程型態分 ······················································································ 15 表 1-9 高等教育學生人數結構─按學習型態及學校型態分·········································································· 16 表 1-10 高等教育畢業學生就讀學科之結構······································································································ 17 表 1-11 高等教育女性畢業生所占比率─按學位分 ·························································································· 18 表 1-12 我國大專校院境外學生人數—按國別分····························································································· 19 表 1-13 我國辦理出國留學簽證人數··················································································································· 25 表 1-14 高等教育國際學生人數占高等教育學生人數比率············································································ 26 表 1-15 高等教育出國留學生人數占高等教育學生人數比率········································································ 27 表 1-16 學生超齡率················································································································································· 28 表 2-1 各級學校平均每位教師教導學生數 ···································································································· 30 表 2-2 平均每班學生人數─按公私立與教育級別分····················································································· 31 表 2-3 各級教育女性教師所占比率················································································································· 32 表 2-4 教師工作時數結構 ·································································································································· 33 表 2-5 教師薪資 ··················································································································································· 34 表 2-6 教師年齡結構─按教育級別與年齡組別分························································································· 36 表 2-7 SDG 4 指標性別平衡指數····················································································································· 37 表 2-8 提供基礎設施服務之學校比率············································································································· 40 表 3-1 25-64 歲人口教育程度結構················································································································· 44 表 3-2 受高級中等以上教育之人口比率─按年齡組別分············································································ 45 表 3-3 受高等教育之人口比率─按年齡組別分····························································································· 46 表 3-4 25 歲以上人口平均就學年數 ··············································································································· 47 表 3-5 中等以下教育完成率······························································································································ 48 一、在學狀況與學生 二、教師與學習環境 三、教育成果
表 3-6 25-64 歲之就業者占民間人口之比率─按教育程度別分 ······························································ 49 表 3-7 失業率─按 25-64 歲之失業者之教育程度及性別分······································································ 50 表 3-8 受僱員工薪資結構─按年齡組、教育程度及性別分······································································· 51 表 3-9 國際數學與科學教育成就趨勢調查(TIMSS)與國際閱讀素養評比(PIRLS)成績統計··············· 52 表 3-10 15 歲學生國際學生能力評量計畫(PISA)成績統計········································································· 54 表 3-11 我國學生參加亞太 (含亞洲) 及國際奧林匹亞競賽成績統計······················································ 55 表 3-12 我國學生參加國際科學展覽會(ISEF)歷年成績統計 ······································································· 59 表 3-13 我國學生參加國際資訊類及技能競賽歷年成績統計 ····································································· 60 表 3-14 世界大學排名·········································································································································· 61 表 3-15 英語水平─托福測驗分數······················································································································ 63 表 3-16 SCIE 各國論文發表篇數及名次 ········································································································· 64 表 3-17 EI 各國論文發表篇數及名次··············································································································· 65 表 3-18 SSCI 各國論文發表篇數及名次 ········································································································· 66 表 3-19 A&HCI 各國論文發表篇數及名次 ···································································································· 67 表 3-20 研究發展人力·········································································································································· 68 (三)國民教育 表 4-1 教育經費占國內生產毛額比率─按教育級別分················································································ 70 表 4-2 公部門教育經費占國內生產毛額比率 ······························································································· 71 表 4-3 政府教育經費占政府歲出比率 ············································································································ 72 表 4-4 平均每生使用教育經費························································································································· 73 表 4-5 平均每生使用教育經費占平均每人國內生產毛額之比率 ····························································· 74 表 4-6 教育機構經費結構─按經資門別分····································································································· 75 表 4-7 研究發展經費占國內生產毛額比率···································································································· 76 表 4-8 研究發展經費結構─按執行部門別分································································································· 77 表 4-9 主要國家之大學生學雜費占平均每人國內生產毛額比率 ····························································· 78 表 4-10 主要國家之大學生學雜費 ···················································································································· 79 附錄 1 2023 年 OECD 計算指標所使用之會計年度與學年度································································ 85 附錄 2 義務教育概況·········································································································································· 86 附錄 3 經濟成長率、國內生產毛額與平均每人國內生產毛額································································· 87 附錄 4 主要國家所得分配狀況························································································································· 88 參、名詞解釋 四、教育經費 五、附錄
Contents A. Analysis of International Comparison of Education Statistical Indicators B. Tables Table 1-1 Gross Enrollment Ratio by Educational Level and Gender····································································· 3 Table 1-2 Total Net Enrollment Rate by Educational Level and Gender ······························································· 6 Table 1-3 Enrolment Rates from Age 15 to 20 by Level of Education ··································································· 9 Table 1-4 Participation Rate in Organized Learning (One Year Before the Official Primary Entry Age) · 11 Table 1-5 Expected Years in Education for Age 5 and Above by Gender ·························································· 12 Table 1-6 Students Enrolled in Tertiary Education as Proportion to Total Population ································· 13 Table 1-7 Students Enrolled in Public and Private Institutions in Primary and Secondary Education···· 14 Table 1-8 Student Enrollment in Upper Secondary Education by Types of Programme····························· 15 Table 1-9 Students Enrolled in Tertiary Education by Modes of Study and Types of Institution ·············· 16 Table 1-10 Distribution of Tertiary Graduates by Field of Study············································································· 17 Table 1-11 Percentage of Female Graduates, by Tertiary ISCED Level ································································· 18 Table 1-12 Non-citizen Students in Universities, Colleges and Junior Colleges－By Countries ················· 19 Table 1-13 Number of Students Applying for Visas to Study Abroad ·································································· 25 Table 1-14 Inbound Mobility Rate in Tertiary Education··························································································· 26 Table 1-15 Outbound Mobility Ratio in Tertiary Education······················································································ 27 Table 1-16 Percentage of Children Over-age for Grade ···························································································· 28 B1. Summary of Education at All Levels Table 2-1 Ratio of Students to Teacher, by Levels of Education············································································ 30 Table 2-2 Average Class Size, by Type of Institution and Levels of Education················································· 31 Table 2-3 Percentage of Female Teacher in Public and Private Institutions by Levels of Education, Based on Head Counts······················································································ 32 Table 2-4 The Organisation of Teachers' Working Time·························································································· 33 Table 2-5 Teachers' Salaries ··············································································································································· 34 Table 2-6 Age Distribution of Teachers by Levels of Education and Age Group, Based on Head Counts ···································································································································· 36 Table 2-7 Gender Parity Indices for SDG 4 Indicators ······························································································ 37 Table 2-8 Proportion of Schools Offering Basic Services, by Type of Service·················································· 40 Table 3-1 Educational Attainment of the 25-64 Year-Olds Population······························································ 44 Table 3-2 Percentage of the Population that has Attained at Least Upper Secondary Education, by Age Group ···························································································· 45 Table 3-3 Percentage of the Population that has Attained Tertiary Education ··············································· 46 Table 3-4 Mean Years of Schooling for Age 25 and Above ···················································································· 47 Table 3-5 Completion Rate─Primary Education, Lower Secondary Education, Upper Secondary Education ·························································································································· 48 Ⅰ. Access to Education and Students Ⅱ. Teachers and the Learning Environment Ⅲ. Educational Outcomes
Table 3-6 Number of 25-64 Year-Olds in Employment as a Percentage of the Population Aged 25 to 64, by Levels of Educational Attainment ······················································ 49 Table 3-7 Unemployment Rate by Levels of Educational Attainment and Gender for 25-64 Year-Olds···· 50 Table 3-8 Relative Earnings of the Population with Income from Employment by Age Group, Levels of Educational Attainment and Gender························································································· 51 Table 3-9 Achievements of Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study and Progress in International Reading Literacy Study ··················································································· 52 Table 3-10 Achievements of 15 Year Olds Students on the Programme for International Student Assessment················································································ 54 Table 3-11 Medals Attained by Our Students in the Asian Pacific/International Olympiad·························· 55 Table 3-12 Awards of Our Students in International Science and Engineering Fair········································· 59 Table 3-13 Medals Attained by Our Students Attending the International Information/Technique Tournaments ········································································································· 60 Table 3-14 World University Rankings······························································································································ 61 Table 3-15 English Proficiency─TOEFL······························································································································ 63 Table 3-16 Annual Papers and Rank by Nationality in SCIE······················································································ 64 Table 3-17 Annual Papers and Rank by Nationality in EI ··························································································· 65 Table 3-18 Annual Papers and Rank by Nationality in SSCI······················································································ 66 Table 3-19 Annual Papers and Rank by Nationality in A&HCI················································································· 67 Table 3-20 R&D Personnel ···················································································································································· 68 Table 4-1 Expenditure on Educational Institutions as a Percentage of GDP, by Types of Institution and Levels of Education ······················································································ 70 Table 4-2 Public Expenditure on Education as a Percentage of GDP ·································································· 71 Table 4-3 Government Expenditure on Education as a Percentage of Total Public Expenditure ·············· 72 Table 4-4 Expenditure on Educational Institutions per Student ··········································································· 73 Table 4-5 Expenditure on Educational Institutions per Student Relative to GDP Per Capita······················ 74 Table 4-6 Expenditure on Educational Institutions by Resource Category······················································· 75 Table 4-7 R&D Expenditure as a Percentage of GDP ································································································ 76 Table 4-8 R&D Expenditure by Sector of Performance ···························································································· 77 Table 4-9 Tuition and Fees in Tertiary Education per Student Relative to Per Capita GDP·························· 78 Table 4-10 Tuition and Fees in Tertiary Education ······································································································· 79 Appendix 1 School Year and Financial Year Used for the Calculation of Indicators of OECD Countries ····· 85 Appendix 2 Length and Starting Age of Compulsory Education··············································································· 86 Appendix 3 Economic Growth Rate, Gross Domestic Product and Gross Domestic Product Per Capita ···· 87 Appendix 4 Income Distribution in Major Countries······································································································ 88 C. Glossary Ⅳ. Financial Resources Invested in Education Ⅴ. Appendix
壹、「教育統計指標之國際比較」提要分析 A. Analysis of International Comparison of Education Statistical Indicators
「聯合國永續發展目標─教育統計指標」提要分析 「永續發展目標」(Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs)係聯合國「2030 年永續發展議 程」之核心，亦為全球和平、繁榮之願景及藍圖，範圍涵括消除貧窮、零飢餓、健康與福祉、 性別平等、永續能源、尊嚴勞動與經濟成長、永續城市、氣候、海洋資源等領域，各領域均 選取數項代表性量化指標，以衡量及監測目標達成程度；其中第 4 項─優質教育(SDG 4 - Quality Education)之主軸為確保融合及公平之優質教育，促進全民終身教育機會，亦為教育領 域重要之國際統計指標。為探詢我國教育永續發展目標完成程度並與國際接軌，爰深入了解 SDG 4 各項指標定義、範圍，據以蒐集相關資訊後編製完竣，茲簡要分析如次： 一、中等以下教育完成率(Completion Rate - Primary Education, Lower and Upper Secondary Education) ▲我國2021 年國小、國中及高級中等教育完成率分別為99.98%、99.75%及98.81%， 均高於世界平均 我國2021年國小教育完成率為99.98%，高於世界平均87.20%，國中教育完成率為 99.75%，高於世界平均76.70%，高級中等教育完成率為98.81%，高於世界平均58.30%。 觀察美國、西班牙、挪威等主要國家，國小教育完成率介於97.70%至100%間，比 率較高；國中教育完成率介於92.20%至100%間；高級中等教育完成率則介於75.62%至 94.58%間，分布範圍較廣，均分別高於世界平均。 資料來源：內政部人口教育程度資料、聯合國教科文組織(UNESCO)SDG統計資料庫 (http://sdg4-data.uis.unesco.org)，113 年9 月12 日下載。 說明：1.德國無國小資料。 2.本圖僅列示代表國家，各國資料詳參附表，後述均同。 中等以下教育完成率－按教育階段分 2021年 99.98 99.57 99.42 98.61 97.70 99.77 100.00 87.20 99.75 98.76 92.20 98.84 97.23 95.40 99.54 100.00 76.70 98.81 94.58 78.37 77.90 75.62 88.11 90.22 81.35 58.30 0 20 40 60 80 100 美 國 德 國 丹 麥 西 班 牙 比 利 時 芬 蘭 挪 威 世 界 平 均 % 國小 國中 高級中等教育 中 華 民 國 (1)
二、學生超齡率(Percentage of Children Over-age for Grade) ▲我國2022 年國小學生超齡率為0.01%，國中為0.04%，分別低於世界平均之9.56%及 9.72% 我國2022年國小學生超齡率為0.01%，低於世界平均9.56%，主要國家以英國、冰 島及挪威為0%最低；愛爾蘭、南韓及新加坡等介於0.03%至0.35%次低；比利時、美國 及奧地利等介於0.91%至5.31%最高。 我國2022 年國中學生超齡率則為0.04%，低於世界平均9.72%，主要國家以英國、 冰島及挪威為0%最低；愛爾蘭、南韓及新加坡等介於0.12%至0.73%次低；比利時、美 國及奧地利等介於2.72%至8.66%最高。 資料來源：教育部國中小學生資料及聯合國教科文組織(UNESCO)SDG統計資料庫， (http://sdg4-data.uis.unesco.org)，113 年10 月8 日下載。 三、國小學齡前一年組織學習參與率(Participation Rate in Organized Learning - One Year Before the Official Primary Entry Age) ▲我國2022年國小學齡前一年組織學習參與率為97.51%，高於世界平均之75.25% 我國2022年之國小學齡前一年組織學習參與率為97.51%，高於世界平均之75.25%， 而南韓、美國、法國等主要國家(地區)均介於80.77%至99.87%，亦高於世界平均。 學生超齡率－按教育階段分 2022年 0.01 0 0 0 0.03 0.10 0.15 0.35 0.91 3.36 5.31 9.56 0.04 0 0 0 0.12 0.15 0.38 0.73 2.72 4.08 8.66 9.72 0 4 8 12 英 國 冰 島 挪 威 愛 爾 蘭 南 韓 澳 洲 新 加 坡 比 利 時 美 國 奧 地 利 世 界 平 均 國小 國中 中 華 民 國 % (2)
2022年 資料來源：教育部國教署五歲幼兒入園率資料及聯合國教科文組織(UNESCO)SDG統計資料庫 (http://sdg4-data.uis.unesco.org)，113 年9 月13 日下載。 四、高等教育粗在學率(Gross Enrollment Ratio for Tertiary Education) ▲我國 2022 年高等教育粗在學率為 88.90%，高於世界平均之 42.39%及東亞平均之 71.63% 我國2022年之高等教育粗在學率為88.90%，高於世界平均之42.39%及東亞平均之 71.63%，主要國家(地區)以日本、大陸地區及美國等介於64.63%至79.36%最低；英國、 瑞典及冰島等介於80.15%至84.99%次之；西班牙、南韓及澳洲等介於94.51%至106.24% 最高。 2022年 資料來源：教育部學生人數資料、內政部人口資料、聯合國教科文組織(UNESCO)SDG統計資料庫 (http://sdg4-data.uis.unesco.org)，113 年10 月8 日下載。 說明：1.大陸地區資料不含香港及澳門，後述均同。 2.東亞國家(地區)包含大陸地區、香港、日本、南韓、北韓、澳門及蒙古。 國小學齡前一年組織學習參與率 高等教育粗在學率 88.90 64.63 70.81 71.42 71.98 77.37 79.36 80.15 83.90 84.59 84.99 94.51 98.02 103.28 106.24 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 日 本 捷 克 法 國 大 陸 地 區 德 國 美 國 英 國 瑞 典 丹 麥 冰 島 西 班 牙 新 加 坡 南 韓 澳 洲 % 中 華 民 國 世界平均 42.39 東亞平均 71.63 0 97.51 80.77 86.51 91.71 93.12 94.65 94.70 95.88 96.75 98.17 98.92 99.87 6 70 80 90 100 紐 西 蘭 美 國 澳 洲 愛 爾 蘭 加 拿 大 義 大 利 德 國 南 韓 瑞 士 瑞 典 法 國 % 中 華 民 國 世界平均 75.25 (3)
五、教育指標性別平衡指數(Gender Parity Indices for Education Indicators) 本指數係衡量各項SDG 4指標之性別平衡情形，其內涵為分別計算兩性之各項指標， 再以女性指標數值除以男性指標數值而得；愈接近1 代表示兩性愈平衡，介於0.97 至 1.03 之間可視為平衡，高於此範圍者代表女性指標高於男性，反之則否。以下簡述各國 (地區)SDG 4各指標之性別平衡概況： (一)中等以下教育完成率 ▲我國2021年國小、國中及高級中等教育完成率均呈性別平衡 我國2021 年國小、國中及高級中等教育完成率之性別平衡指數均為1.00，呈性 別平衡。另觀察主要國家完成率之性別平衡指數，國小、國中教育階段均呈性別平衡， 高級中等教育階段僅少數主要國家呈現性別平衡，大部分主要國家女性教育完成率高 於男性。 說明：1.資料來源及資料時期均同本分析之「一、中等以下教育完成率」。 2.本圖以綠色數據表示呈性別平衡國家數值，女性數據顯高於男性者以紅色表示，男性數據顯高於女性 則以藍色表示，以下三項指數表示方式均同。 3.各國性別平衡指數數值皆以四捨五入至小數第2 位之方式呈現，惟其性別平衡程度係以原始指數數值 界定，爰有數值相同但性別平衡程度不同之情形。 中等以下教育完成率性別平衡指數－按教育階段分 國小 國中 高級中等 2021 年 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 0.5 1.0 1.5 芬蘭 挪威 比利時 美國 丹麥 西班牙 中華民國 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02 0.5 1.0 1.5 芬蘭 挪威 比利時 美國 丹麥 西班牙 德國 中華民國 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.05 1.06 1.08 1.11 1.11 0.5 1.0 1.5 芬蘭 美國 挪威 比利時 德國 西班牙 丹麥 中華民國 (4)
(二)國小學齡前一年組織學習參與率 ▲我國2022年國小學齡前一年組織學習參與率呈性別平衡 我國2022 年國小學齡前一年組織學習參與率之性別平衡指數為1.00，與德國、 南韓及澳洲等多數主要國家及世界平均皆呈性別平衡，僅愛爾蘭女性學習參與率高於 男性。 2022年 說明：資料來源及資料時期均同本分析之「三、國小學齡前一年組織學習參與率」。 (三)高等教育粗在學率 ▲我國2022 年高等教育粗在學率呈女性高於男性，性別平衡指數為1.08，低於世界 平均、東亞平均及多數主要國家 我國2022年高等教育粗在學率之性別平衡指數為1.08，與世界平均1.13及東亞 平均1.12均為女性粗在學率高於男性。另觀察主要國家(地區)高等教育粗在學率之性 別平衡指數，多數為女性粗在學率高於男性，其中以德國、新加坡及大陸地區等指數 介於1.08至1.15最低；西班牙、法國及捷克等介於1.22至1.29次之；美國、澳洲及 冰島等介於1.32至1.51最高；僅日本呈性別平衡，南韓則為男性粗在學率高於女性。 國小學齡前一年組織學習參與率性別平衡指數 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 0.5 1.0 1.5 義大利 澳洲 南韓 世界平均 德國 中華民國 瑞典 法國 瑞士 紐西蘭 加拿大 美國 愛爾蘭 (5)
2022年 說明：資料來源及資料時期均同本分析之「四、高等教育粗在學率」。 六、提供基礎設施服務之學校比率(Proportion of Schools Offering Basic Services) 本指標係指中等以下學校提供基礎設施服務之比率，用以衡量學生享有安全及有效 的學習環境之程度，基礎設施服務包含電力、基本飲用水、兩性基本衛生設施、基本洗 手設施、教學用網路及教學用電腦等6項，簡要分析如次： (一) 提供電力及基本飲用水之學校比率(Electricity and Basic Drinking Water) ▲我國中等以下學校均提供電力及基本飲用水 我國2022 年中等以下學校提供電力及基本飲用水之比率皆為100%，主要國家 (地區)多數亦全面提供，中等以下各教育等級提供電力學校比率之世界平均介於 78.06%至89.88%間、東亞平均介於97.43%至98.49%間；提供基本飲用水之世界平均 介於76.75%至86.09%間、東亞平均則介於95.35%至96.38%間。 高等教育粗在學率性別平衡指數 0.86 0.97 1.08 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.22 1.24 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.32 1.33 1.42 1.51 0.0 1.0 2.0 南韓 日本 德國 新加坡 東亞平均 世界平均 大陸地區 西班牙 法國 英國 丹麥 捷克 美國 澳洲 瑞典 冰島 中華民國 (6)
提供電力及基本飲用水之學校比率 單位：% 國家/地區別 電力 基本飲用水 國小 國中 高級中等 學校 國小 國中 高級中等 學校 中華民國 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 大陸地區 99.20 99.47 99.54 99.32 99.50 99.57 南韓、新加坡、美國、 芬蘭、瑞士、澳洲 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 世界平均 78.06 87.47 89.88 76.75 85.30 86.09 東亞平均 97.43 98.49 98.27 96.38 96.30 95.35 資料來源：教育部學校基礎設施資料及聯合國教科文組織(UNESCO)SDG統計資料庫 (http://sdg4-data.uis.unesco.org)，113 年10 月8 日下載，後表均同。 資料時期：我國、大陸地區、南韓、新加坡、世界及東亞平均為2022 年，芬蘭及澳洲為2021 年，美國 及瑞士為2019 年。 (二) 提供兩性基本衛生設施及基本洗手設施之學校比率(Basic Sanitation Facilities and Basic Handwashing Facilities) ▲我國中等以下學校均提供兩性基本衛生設施及基本洗手設施 我國2022 年中等以下學校提供兩性基本衛生設施及基本洗手設施之學校占比為 100%，與多數主要國家(地區)相同，中等以下各教育階段學校提供兩性基本衛生設施 比率之世界平均介於76.90%至86.70%間、東亞平均介於96.63%至97.56%間；提供 基本洗手設施之世界平均介於77.83%至81.90%間、東亞平均介於96.10%至97.00% 間。 提供兩性基本衛生設施及基本洗手設施之學校比率 單位：% 國家/地區別 兩性基本衛生設施 基本洗手設施 國小 國中 高級中等 學校 國小 國中 高級中等 學校 中華民國 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 大陸地區 99.29 99.31 99.34 99.19 99.39 99.46 南韓、新加坡、美國、 芬蘭、瑞士、澳洲 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 世界平均 76.90 84.60 86.70 77.83 81.90 80.54 東亞平均 96.63 97.56 96.98 96.83 97.00 96.10 資料時期：我國、大陸地區、南韓、新加坡、世界及東亞平均為2022 年，芬蘭及澳洲為2021 年，美國及 瑞士為2019 年。 (7)
(三) 提供教學用網路及電腦之學校比率(The Internet and Computers for Pedagogical Purposes) ▲我國中等以下學校均提供教學用網路及電腦 我國2022年中等以下學校提供教學用網路及電腦之比率皆為100%，各主要國家 (地區)大多亦為 100%。中等以下各教育等級學校提供教學用網路之世界平均介於 44.15%至69.04%間、東亞平均介於95.28%至95.53%間；提供教學用電腦之世界平均 介於48.72%至80.01%間，東亞平均則介於91.64%至94.79%間。 提供教學用網路及電腦之學校比率 單位：% 國家/地區別 教學用網路 教學用電腦 國小 國中 高級中等 學校 國小 國中 高級中等 學校 中華民國 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 大陸地區 98.68 99.23 98.13 95.23 97.27 92.38 捷克 98.71 99.72 99.39 98.76 99.78 99.54 葡萄牙 98.97 98.69 97.12 99.51 99.27 98.34 南韓、新加坡、美國、 芬蘭、瑞士、澳洲 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 世界平均 44.15 56.24 69.04 48.72 67.09 80.01 東亞平均 95.48 95.53 95.28 92.80 94.79 91.64 資料時期：我國、大陸地區、捷克、南韓、新加坡、世界及東亞平均為2022 年，芬蘭、葡萄牙及澳洲為 2021 年，美國及瑞士為2019 年。 (8)
七、研析與措施 (一) 學前教育階段：本部自2018 年起配合「我國少子女化對策計畫」及「06 歲國家一起養2.0」政策，持續強化「增加平價名額」、「降低就學費 用」及「發放育兒津貼」等推動策略，以健全學前教育友善成長環境， 至2022 年我國國小學齡前一年組織學習參與率已達97.51%，近5 年增 加1.74 個百分點，高於多數主要國家。 (二) 國民基本教育階段：我國高級中等教育完成率近5 年均逾9 成8，且已 近普及教育，高於各主要國家，主要係我國自九年國民義務教育延伸推 動為十二年國民基本教育，採免試、免學費、公私立學校並行為主，兼 以多元類型學校及普通與技職教育兼顧等政策，學生可依其性向及興趣 選擇適合的教育途徑，實現個別化發展需求。 (三) 高等教育階段：我國2022 年高等教育粗在學率為88.90%，近5 年已提 升6.66 個百分點，並高於多數主要國家，此為維護弱勢學生受教權益， 減輕學生家庭經濟負擔，使學生安心就學，本部訂有各類學雜費減免法 規，以及「大專校院弱勢學生助學計畫」等相關規定，針對低收入戶及 中低收入戶學生、身心障礙學生及身心障礙人士子女、特殊境遇家庭子 女孫子女及未具前開各類特殊弱勢身分但家庭經濟相對弱勢學生等對 象，持續減免其學雜費，現階段更擴及推動拉近公私立大專學雜費差距， 並針對經濟弱勢學生加碼補助。 (四) 數位教學環境之建構：我國近年中等以下學校提供師生教學使用電腦及 網路已達100%。2022 年進而推動「中小學數位學習精進方案」，提升 行動載具與網路，增進中小學軟硬體設備，每個班級教室內皆具備無線 上網環境，致實現「班班有網路、生生用平板」。 (9)
貳、統計表 B. Tables 1
一、在學狀況與學生 I. Access to Education and Students 2
單位：% (Unit : %) 總計 T. 男 M. 女 F. 總計 T. 男 M. 女 F. 總計 T. 男 M. 女 F. 亞洲 Asia 中華民國2,3 R.O.C. 98.1 97.5 98.8 98.3 97.8 98.9 99.1 98.7 99.6 大陸地區 Mainland China 99.0 98.3 99.9 99.4 98.6 100.3 100.2 99.4 101.0 日本 Japan 102.7 102.9 102.6 102.2 102.2 102.2 ... ... ... 南韓 Republic of Korea 99.2 99.3 99.1 98.7 98.8 98.5 99.0 99.2 98.9 泰國 Thailand 99.4 99.8 99.1 99.5 99.9 99.1 101.6 102.0 101.2 馬來西亞 Malaysia 101.9 101.0 102.8 101.2 100.3 102.1 97.8 97.9 97.6 印尼 Indonesia 102.4 104.2 100.6 102.0 103.7 100.2 100.6 102.4 98.8 印度 India 101.3 100.9 101.7 102.3 102.2 102.5 111.1 111.3 110.8 越南 Vietnam 119.0 118.2 119.9 120.0 119.3 120.8 123.1 122.2 124.2 美洲 America 美國 United States 100.3 100.5 100.1 98.3 98.6 98.0 97.0 97.0 97.0 加拿大 Canada 97.7 98.2 97.2 96.3 96.7 95.9 ... ... ... 歐洲 Europe 英國 United Kingdom 98.6 98.6 98.6 102.2 102.2 102.2 98.5 98.5 98.6 法國 France 102.7 103.0 102.4 102.7 103.1 102.4 102.7 102.9 102.4 德國 Germany 102.0 102.1 101.9 101.3 101.3 101.4 ... ... ... 義大利 Italy 102.6 102.7 102.6 101.6 102.0 101.2 ... ... ... 西班牙 Spain 103.4 103.0 103.9 102.9 102.7 103.1 ... ... ... 比利時 Belgium 102.1 102.0 102.2 101.8 101.8 101.8 ... ... ... 荷蘭 Netherlands 104.3 104.6 104.0 104.4 104.7 104.1 ... ... ... 芬蘭 Finland 99.8 100.0 99.6 99.4 99.5 99.2 98.6 98.8 98.4 奧地利 Austria 101.6 102.0 101.1 101.6 102.0 101.3 100.8 101.1 100.4 瑞士 Switzerland 101.7 101.9 101.6 101.5 101.6 101.4 101.4 101.4 101.3 大洋洲 Oceania 澳洲Australia 99.9 99.8 100.0 99.9 99.8 100.1 99.1 99.0 99.2 紐西蘭 New Zealand 97.5 97.4 97.7 97.9 97.8 98.1 ... ... ... 資料來源：聯合國教科文組織(http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx#)。113年7月5日。 說明：1.各級教育學齡人口粗在學率 = 各該級教育學生人數÷各該相當學齡人口數 x 100%。 2.我國2022年係指111學年度(2022-2023年)，餘類推。 3.我國2023年初等教育粗在學率為97.6%，男、女各為97.3%、98.0%。 Source: UNESCO (http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx#), 2024/7/5. Note: Note: 1.Gross enrollment rate of school age population at all levels of education=number of students enrolled in a given level of education regardless of age expressed as percentage of the population of the age group which officially corresponds to the given level of education. 2.Data from R.O.C. in year 2022 refers to the 111 academic year (2022-2023), and so on. 3.Gross enrollment ratio of R.O.C in year 2023 (primary) is 97.6%, male 97.3% and female 98.0%. 表1-1 各級教育粗在學率─按性別分(初等教育)(1/3) Table 1-1 Gross Enrollment Ratio by Educational Level and Gender (1/3) 2020 年 Year 2021 年 Year ─ Primary 2022 年 Year 3
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